Napster The Copyright Battle Essay - 1363 Words

Once upon a time a website provided free music through peer-to-peer file sharing. This was a new technology for the public for a several reasons. The price of home computers had declines dramatically and many people could now afford one. Because of the affordability, many people who had never used a computer suddenly found themselves enmeshed in the new media. Not only could people do their e-mail, do paperwork, play games and use all the different applications they now could also share their files with others. Of course, they wanted to share one of our most valued pleasures, our love of music. The public was not aware that this type of file sharing was illegal because it was not clear on the website disclaimer. Most people did not†¦show more content†¦This actually was a promising idea. There are many independent musicians, writers and various other artist that cannot afford to promote their work and develop a following. This was virtually a free way to advertise their p roduct without trying to get a contract with a company to distribute and promote their work. As long as the artist had given permission for the use of the work, there was not a problem. The copyright laws of the United States provides for the artist to benefit from his/her intellectual property for a set period. Then the work goes into the public domain. However, this was not the case with Napster. The first problem was that they were allowing distribution of copyrighted work without permission or compensation to the artist. Second, it appears that they knowingly promoted their product once they were informed that copyright infringement was being practice with the assistance of their site. According to Jeff Tyson, there were several reasons why the music industry was upset with Napster, Tyson states: The problem that the music industry had with Napster was that it was a big, automated way to copy copyrighted material. It is a fact that thousands of people were, through Napster, making thousands of copies of copyrighted songs, and neither the music industry nor the artists got any money in returnShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Issue with Napster and the Music Industry Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legal Issue with Napster and the Music Industry The issues that will be slugged out in federal district court in San Francisco sound a little too pop culture to be all that serious. How many music CDs are people buying these days in record stores throughout the nation because of Napster? Is the technology that Napster uses legal? Napster is, of course, the wildly popular file-sharing service whose 20 million users have downloaded some half a billion songs--most copyrighted for free. Read More The Rise and Fall of Napster Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages The Rise and Fall of Napster It started as an accident. Shawn Fanning was just experimenting and thinking of an easier to go through a search engine for music. What was a simple idea turned out to be a phenomenon in the Internet world. The creation of Napster led to many problems and brought about new issues that involved the entertainment industry and piracy laws. Napster is a software where a compilation of all of its user’s files are held in a central unit and each user is able to useRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Napster1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and fall of Napster It started as an accident. Shawn Fanning was just experimenting and thinking of an easier to go through a search engine for music. What was a simple idea turned out to be a phenomenon in the Internet world. The creation of Napster led to many problems and brought about new issues that involved the entertainment industry and piracy laws. Napster is a software where a compilation of all of its users files are held in a central unit and each user is able to use itsRead MoreEssay on Music Copyright Infringement1224 Words   |  5 PagesMusic Copyright Infringement MP3 is an audio format that allows users to compress and send music files easily over the Internet. The major problem with this music sharing is that most of the files are pirated, which has caused a stir in the music industry. Music companies and music artists have been complaining about how their music is being stolen and therefore lowering their album sales. The major blame has been put on Napster and other file sharing software available on the InternetRead MoreDigital Music Distribution: Napster Vs. Kazzaa Essay example1735 Words   |  7 Pagesthat consumers are more or less resistant to and others hover ambiguously over the boundaries of copyright law, attracting users through questionable means. 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The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, signed into law by President Clinton on October 28, 1998, was written in an attempt to strike a balance between the rights of a work’s creator to receive adequate compensation and society’s fundamental right to freedom of information. The bottom line is that the objective ofRead More File Sharing Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesfine of up to and including $20,000. Since the introduction of Napster in 1999, copyrighted music has been illegally duplicated more than eight trillion times. In recent weeks, the Recording Industry Association of America has filed more than three hundred lawsuits against American consumers who illegally downloaded copyrighted music. File sharing has long been a problem for the recording industry, which has only begun an uphill battle to alleviate illegal file sha ring. 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Imprisonment in Frankenstein Free Essays

In Mary Shelley’s gothic novel Frankenstein and Charlotte Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† imprisonment is a reoccurring theme. The main characters in both stories seek to break free of the confinements imposed upon them by hierarchical societies. These strictly stratified societies prosecute the characters;who respond with immediate action in order to achieve that freedom which their societies have purged from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Imprisonment in Frankenstein or any similar topic only for you Order Now Victor Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s monster, and John’s wife all suffer the indignities of both literal and metaphorical imprisonment founded on racism, classism, and sexism. In â€Å"Frankenstein,† Victor endures several types of imprisonment. His workshop is much like a prison cell, in that he stays in the room for months at a time and leaves only for brief stretches. Victor admits that, â€Å"My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement† (Shelly 32). Victor is literally imprisoned by the authorities for the murder of his best friend, Henry Clerval. He is metaphorically imprisoned by his inability to protect his loved ones, including his future wife, from his monster. He reveals the dread created by his powerlessness when he says, â€Å"And then I thought again of his words- I will be with you on your wedding-night† (Shelly 117). Victor’s fear of social ostracism, which would be the likely outcome if anyone of his class were to discover that he had created the repulsive monster that had killed so many innocent people, also impairs his actions. It is only after he decides to hunt down the monster and vanquish him in order to ease his conscience that Victor breaks free from the prison that his fears create for him. Although Victor dies before avenging his loved ones, his death is what ultimately releases him from this prison. Frankenstein’s monster also suffers both literal and metaphoric imprisonment. Because his hideous appearance prevents him from developing relationships with humans, he is a prisoner in his own body. The monster’s accidental killing of a boy in the woods is an example his inability to have even the most basic social experiences. The monster is also sentenced to something like solitary confinement by the De Laceys. Although he spends months learning how to speak and read so that others will think him civilized, the De Laceys chase him away when he finally approaches them. Felix tackles the monster who remorsefully states â€Å"I could have been torn limb from limb† (Shelly 91), this shows how unwilling the De Laceys are to compromise. The monster is wronged in the same way that the victims of racism are wronged: namely, he is rejected for his outwardly appearance. Even though the monster is the only one of it’s race, he is prosecuted by a hierarchical society who doesn’t judge based on character. Frankenstein’s monster tries to win his freedom from isolation by asking his creator, Victor, to construct a female monster for him. The monster pleads, â€Å"You must create a female for me, with whom I can live in the interchange of the sympathies necessary for my being† (Shelly 98). The monster believes that having a companion would give him a reason to live, however Victor denies his monster of this request. We see in Anne K. Mellor’s â€Å"Processing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein†, â€Å"By stealing the female’s control over reproduction, Frankenstein has eliminated the female’s primary biological function and source of cultural power†(Mellor 274). This further more states that Victor has created the perfect patriarchal society, in which the creation of humanity no longer needs the service of women. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† also experiences several different types of imprisonment. The woman’s husband, John, treats her like a prisoner in her own home because of her postpartum depression. She feels that she has very little freedom of thought or action because John dictates the course of her life as though he were a prison guard. She has internalized her husband’s authority to the point she hears John’s voice in her head. The narrator states, â€Å"I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus-but John says the very worst thing I can do is think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I will let it alone and talk about the house†(Gilman 2). The narrator starts to keep a secret journal because of this captivity, this writing is the only emotional stimulus the woman can forgo to express herself freely. She says, â€Å"I must not let them find me writing† (Gilman 3). In a metaphorical sense, the woman finds herself trapped by her condition and the patriarchal society in which she lives. Both prevent her from asserting her independence as a women. In a physical sense, she finds herself confined to a room of John’s choosing. All she can do is obsess over the wallpaper. The narrator says, â€Å"I am getting really fond of the room in spite of the wallpaper. Perhaps because of the wallpaper† (Gilman 7). Eventually, when she sees the creeping women in the wallpaper,the narrator gains a measure of freedom when she tears it all down, thus freeing her mind as well as the imprisoned women, fusing into one. The narrator rejoices that, â€Å"I’ve got out at last† (Gilman 10). She goes insane at the cost of winning her freedom from John and a sexist society. The main characters in both stories undergo a major transformation. They all start as prisoners of sorts, but they all eventually break free when they confront the powers that imprison them. This proves evident with some truths about humanity, about the prisons that we construct for ourselves and the prisons that our societies constructs for us. Victor Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s monster, and John’s wife all suffer from hierarchical societies which reject the characters, who attempt to gain their freedom which have been denied to them. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper. Boston, Ma: Small Maynard, 1899. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. . Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York, NY: W. W. Norton , 1996. Print. How to cite Imprisonment in Frankenstein, Papers

Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessment

Question: Discuss about the Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessment. Answer: Introduction Imagine a situation where a company lost about 50 percent of its capital through dubious financial investments that have not been duly confirmed and authorized. The outcome is dire. It will only take one financial reporting for the corporate world to know that something has been going wrong. How one manages a business risk determines the value that will be realized by the shareholders. The role of the board of management and other senior executives in the corporate world is assessing business risks that may hinder them from achieving the organizational objectives (Hayes et al. 2005). The case of HIH Insurance Limited clearly confirms this statement. The company did collapse because it did not engage in extensive consultations before making significant investments and also because of failure to do due diligence to determine the viability of a given investment and the associated risk. In this analysis, the discussion will discuss various business risks and inherent risks associated wit h the company failure, the prevailing legal liability and the business ethics that all people charged with top leadership should exercise. Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessments Assessing the Business Risk of HIH Insurance Limited The business risk of HIH Insurance Ltd could be determined by looking at its business process and how decisions are made. From the company scenario, it is revealed that there is no clear decision-making process. The company did make major investments in the insurance industry by purchasing FAI Insurance, World Marines and General Insurance and Cotesworth. It did this without elaborate board members consultations. Further, the company did accept investment deals without carrying out due diligence. This possesses a very serious risk because the business was not able to identify what such moves have for the company and the long-term effect. The risk aspect was not taken seriously before making any financial decision. In simple terms, therefore, the assessment of the business risk is founded on how decisions are made (Hayes et al. 2005). Given the evidence from the company like forming the merger with Winterthur and the managing of business operations that were not open and transparent, clearly, demonstrate the business risk assessment situation for HIH Insurance Ltd. The following are the inherent risk factors affecting HIH Omission: The specific omission that amounts to the inherent risk of HIH Insurance Ltd is the authorization of the prospectus issue on the October 26th, 1998 by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Mr. William. The prospectus did omit some important information about the company activities which could have informed the stakeholders on the company prospectus. Fraud: This is also another inherent risk associated with the company. This is demonstrated by the case where Mr. Howard was charged with criminal misconduct. He did receive $124,000 from Mr. Brad Cooper to facilitate the payment of $737,000. Howard did authorize the payment even though it had already been discharged. This was money lost. Top management behavior: The top management also seems not to work as a team. The directors can make major decisions individually with involving the others. This is witnessed from the signing of reports by the CEO without the endorsement by the other directors. Misrepresentation: This is one of the common inherent risks in the company. The CEO used to sign statements which were not and thus misguiding the stakeholders. The director did sign misleading letters apart from signing the reports that overstated the operating profits in the period 1998/1999. The report showed $92.4 million before abnormal items and income tax. These factors if detected could have an inherent risk assessment. However, because they were committed without the notice of the other stakeholders, it is hard to stop them. This is an issue of governance and how they contribute to important matters affecting the company. The assessment of these risks will have protected the company from bad practices and mismanagement of resources. Legal Liability In Australia, the insolvency rules and other regimes high regard both the clients and the creditors during the liquidation process (ICLG, 2017). This is to say that they have a right to claim to be paid what the companies owed them during the sale proceeds. This is to say that the clients and the creditors will stand a chance of getting paid at the end. However, this depends on some factors that as raised in the case of Commissioner of Taxation v Australian Building Systems Pty Ltd (In Liquidation) [2014] FCAFC 133 8 October 2014. The defendant was liquidating while the complainant (Commissioner of Taxation) was seeking direction from the court on how the accruing taxes will be paid. From the sale of the company real estate property, it managed to get $1.2m. The plaintiff wanted to get a binding as guided by Section 254 of the Income Tax Act (1936) to have all accruing taxes paid before any other payments can be made (Meyer, 2014). The complainant wanted the liquidator to fully acco unt to the commissioner of taxes before any notice to assessment can be given. This was necessary to ensure that the Commission did get its rightful share as required by the law since the sale of the company property was a business transaction and therefore liable to paying tax. The issue in court was to determine under section 254(1) (d) of ITAA 1936 if the Commission was to be paid the full tax liable amount owed by the company before giving any priority to any creditors. The tax law requires the liquidator to be enjoined in such a case because of his or her role as a trustee. As a trustee, one serves the responsibility of making retains from business proceeds to pay the tax. Following the submissions of both parties and the application of law, the judge did issue a cautionary statement about the distribution of sale proceeds. The liquidator was required to be prudent and retain part of the proceeds to pay for some other obligations. The court also required the liquidator to retain the proceeds until the exact position of the tax liability was established. In essence, this case forms a critical background in the case regarding HIH Insurance Ltd. The case proofs that the clients and creditors can hold the liquidator liable, however, for one condition. All state obligations must be first from the capital gains. It, therefore, means that the two can be paid, if the full amount or not will depend on the balances after paying the tax (Hayes et al. 2005). The following conditions must exist for the negligence action to be held: Presence the duty to care: HIH Insurance Ltd had the duty to care both for their clients and the creditors. The company was expected to act in a reasonable manner to protect their interests. However, the company was irresponsible, and their actions were irresponsible. Breach of ones duty: Further, the company did fail to act in a reasonable manner towards its clients and creditors for not sharing with them correct information. The injury caused: The clients and creditors were injured because they were not paid for the services rendered. The existence of monetary losses: The services provided by the clients and creditors can be quantified in monetary terms. Ethics The company wanted to hire prior members of this external audit team to come and destroy the evidence of the wrongs that had been done in the company. This clearly demonstrates a failure in business ethics since there is a clear conflict of interest. The direct cannot do oversight role of themselves since they will not give factual business position (Gckler Armbrster, 2003). The following are the advantages of a company having the same firm carry out both the auditing and the consultancy services: Economies of scale: Because of the amount of work which is huge, the company can be able to bargain and get a better deal regarding cost savings. This is because costs like negotiation costs will be constant. Promoting professionalism: It is also important for the company to understand that the firm that does the auditing understands the company systems better and can give more practical recommendations (Hayes et al. 2005). This is because they have first-hand information about the business scenario and the challenges being faced. c) Circumstances provide a scenario where there no work and governance ethics. To start with, the first example gives rise to a conflict of interest (Hayes et al. 2005). This is because at one hand, the auditors are auditing company and on the other hand they play an oversight role of what they have audited. Based on the amount of money that Andersens was paid for ten years, one could be left wonder if the company got value for its money. Andersens was paid about $15 million. This figure is huge. This shows that something is wrong with the board. Further, the audit firm is only professional in audit and cannot provide other consultancy services. They only give a report to implement. d) The main subject of the report is about the independence of audit. The recommendations include: The Corporate Act to have a clause requiring the independence of auditors. In financial reports, there should always be a declaration that the independence of auditors was observed as required by the Act. The recommendations also touched on the relationship between the auditors and the clients, establish of the auditor independence board and finally, enhance audit committees to make various judgments about audit services and accruing fees (The Federal Government, 2001). Even though the recommendations are a major milestone in the corporate world, they may not have a major impact. This is because the recommendations have clearly stated what the consequences are for those partners that do not follow them. Conclusion This report has critically analyzed the concept of Business risk and inherent risk assessment with particular reference to the case of HIH Insurance Ltd. The company forms one of the major companies that have collapsed not only in Australia but globally because of the inherent risks committed by the leadership team. The inherent risks cause major shake-ups to businesses if not managed. The effects of inherent risks are dire and they affect many stakeholders including the clients and the stakeholders. These groups hold a liability case towards the liquidated company because of the pending bills. The problem of inherent risk is mainly caused by the acts of the board of governors. In general, to avoid the recurrence in the future, other recommendations alongside Ramsay Report and CLERP 9 have to be enacted. This is to send a stern warning to the perpetrators. References Gckler, J Armbrster, T 2003, Bridging uncertainty in management consulting: The mechanisms of trust and networked reputation. Organization Studies, 24(2), 269-297. Hayes, R., et al. 2005, Principles of Auditing. An Introduction to International Standards on Auditing, Prentice Hall ICLG 2017, Corporate Recovery Insolvency, June 24th, 2016, available at https://iclg.com/practice-areas/corporate-recovery-and-insolvency/corporate-recovery-and-insolvency-2016/australia Meyer, V 2014, MV's Top 5 Insolvency Cases for October 2014, November 1st, 2014. Available at https://www.meyervandenberg.com.au/property-construction/mvs-top-5-insolvency-cases-october-2014 The Federal Government, 2001, Ramsay Report recommendations into audit independence, available at https://www.johnwiley.com.au/highered/auditing/lecturer-res/current_affairs/2002-05/2002-05-2.pdf

The Benefits of Cultural Diversity in a Workplace Essay Example

The Benefits of Cultural Diversity in a Workplace Essay Benefits Of Diversity in the workplace †¢ Categorized as  Business,Miscellaneous Benefits Of Diversity in the workplace The acceptance of the term globalization all over the world has made the term ‘diversity’ quite prominent at workplaces. Apart from differences in race and gender, workplace diversity includes many other forms like age, ethnicity, physical attributes, educational background, sexual orientation, geographical location, income, marital status, parental status, spiritual practice, work experience, job classification and many more. An organization’s growth rate and success depend upon its ability to understand and manage diverse people in an efficient manner. When people with diverse backgrounds work as a team, the company progresses and grows at rapid rates. Apart from this ,there are numerous other benefits of diversity in a workplace. Some of these benefits include: 1. Increased adaptability Organizations having a diverse workforce are better equipped in supplying a greater and better variety of solutions for problems in sourcing, service, and allocation of organizational resources. People from diverse background bring with them diverse experiences and talents in suggesting proposals that can easily be adapted to fluctuating market conditions and customer demands. 2. Increase the company’s range: When the organization has a diverse set of skills, competencies and experiences such as languages,and cultural understanding, it becomes capable of providing services to a greater variety of customers spread across the world. 3. Diversity in viewpoints. When diverse workforce communicates varying points of view comfortably, there is a larger pool of experiences and ideas. This facilitates the organization to draw the best ideas and suggestions from that pool. Thus the needs of  business  strategy and that of customers are fulfilled quite effectively. 4. Efficient execution of plans. Companies that follow the concept of workplace diversity automatically inspire all their  employees  to perform to their highest ability. Thus, all lans and strategies of the company are efficiently executed, resulting in improved productivity, increased revenue, and higher return on investment. 5. Satisfied customers. When an organization is able to embrace employees having diverse skills and cultural viewpoints, it is better able to understand the needs and desires of the customers residing in different parts of the world. 6. Overall organizational growth. Employees coming from different backgrounds bring individual experiences and talents, whi ch invariably contribute to the overall growth of an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Cultural Diversity in a Workplace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Cultural Diversity in a Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Cultural Diversity in a Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, all these benefits associated with diversity in workplace come attached with many challenges both for the organization and the employees belonging to diverse cultures. Many employees are resistant to this kind of a workplace. For effective application of diversified approaches, the management has to play a key role so that people belonging to diverse cultures are accepted and get adjusted to the organizational environment.

My Most Precious Possession Essay Example

My Most Precious Possession Essay Example My Most Precious Possession Essay My Most Precious Possession Essay Imagine for one moment that you are standing on your neighbors front lawn in your pajamas, watching your house burn to the ground. All of your family and pets are safe. If at this moment, you have a chance to safely dash back into the burning building and retrieve one precious belonging, what would if be? I personally already have issues like this thought out ahead of time. In case of emergencies, I will be ready to act. The item I would rush to grasp would be my CD collection, because of its monetary and sentimental value. I have a very large and diverse compact disk collection. I estimate that I currently own close to three hundred. When you take in to account that I paid between ten and fifteen dollars for each one, you might begin to understand how precious they are to me. My estimate comes to thirty-five hundred dollars. If viewed as a whole it is one of the single most expensive things I own. Second and most importantly is the sentimental value the collection has. You might find it strange that plastic can have sentimental value. I assure you; it can. I like different types of music when I am in different moods. I own Cads with all of the following types of music: country, rock, heavy metal, pop, classic rock, folk, reggae, classical, blues, ask, swing, rap, Spanish, bluegrass and many other types I probably have forgotten. For most of these CDC I have the track numbers and all the words to most songs memorized from playing them so many times. If I hear the ending of a song that I have in my collection I can start singing you the beginning of the song directly after It. I use music to compliment my mood or to put me In a better one. Each song I own says a different thing to me or reminds me off a different memory of my past. Some of these discs are practically Irreplaceable. As any music lover can tell you no one music store carries every CD. I buy them at concerts from little known artists, at obscure music shops, from Internet sites, or Just about anywhere I see them. Some were extremely hard for me to track down; others are autographed. A few from my collection I made from songs on my computer; consequently, they are en off kind. One In particular has recordings of songs I friend of mine wrote. Its not the discs I am so attached to but the songs on them and the way the make me feel. If I were to lose this collection I would be losing not only a large sum of money and a lot of precious time spent collecting them, but every Individual song that means so much to me. I suppose there Is life without music, but thats something Id rather not think about. My Most Precious Possession By bigness most songs memorized from playing them so many times. If I hear the ending off directly after it. I use music to compliment my mood or to put me in a better one. My past. Some of these discs are practically irreplaceable. As any music lover can artists, at obscure music shops, from internet sites, or Just about anywhere I see one off kind. One in particular has recordings of songs I friend of mine wrote. Its a lot of precious time spent collecting them, but every individual song that means so much to me. I suppose there is life without music, but thats something Id rather not

Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President

Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President Ulysses Grants Childhood and Education Grant was born on April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio. He was raised in Georgetown, Ohio. He grew up on a farm. He went to local schools before attending the Presbyterian Academy and then being appointed to West Point. He was not necessarily the best student though he was good at math. When he graduated, he was placed in the infantry. Family Ties Grant was the son of Jesse Root Grant, a  tanner and merchant along with a strict abolitionist. His mother was  Hannah Simpson Grant. He had three sisters and two brothers.   On August 22, 1848, Grant married Julia Boggs Dent, the daughter of a St. Louis merchant and slaveholder.  The fact that her family owned slaves was a point of contention for Grants parents. Together they had three sons and one daughter: Frederick Dent, Ulysses Jr., Ellen, and Jesse Root Grant.   Ulysses Grants Military Career When Grant was graduated from West Point, he was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. In 1846, America went to war with Mexico. Grant served with General Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. By the end of the war he was promoted to first lieutenant. He continued his military service  until 1854 when he resigned and tried farming. He had a hard time and eventually had to sell his farm. He did not rejoin the military until 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War. U.S. Civil War At the beginning of the Civil War, Grant rejoined the military as a colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry. He captured Fort Donelson, Tennessee in February 1862 which was the first major Union victory. He was promoted to major general. He had other victories at Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. In March 1864, he was made the commander of all Union forces. He accepted Lees surrender at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. After the war, he served as Secretary of War (1867-68). Nomination and Election Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republicans in 1868. The Republicans supported black suffrage in the south and a less lenient form of reconstruction than that espoused by Andrew Johnson. Grant was opposed by Democrat Horatio Seymour. In the end, Grant received 53% of the popular vote and 72% of the electoral vote. In 1872, Grant was easily renominated and won over Horace Greeley despite the many scandals that occurred during his administration. Events and Accomplishments of Ulysses Grants Presidency The largest issue of Grants presidency was  Reconstruction. He continued occupying the South with federal troops. His administration fought against states who denied blacks the right to vote. In 1870, the  fifteenth amendment  was passed providing that no one could be denied the right to vote based on race. Further in 1875, the  Civil Rights Act  was passed which ensured that African Americans would have the same right to use inns, transportation, and theaters among other things. However, the law was ruled unconstitutional in 1883. In 1873, an  economic depression  occurred that lasted five years. Many were unemployed, and many businesses failed. Grants administration was marked by five major scandals. Black Friday  - September 24, 1869. Two speculators,  Jay Gould  and  James Fisk, tried to buy up enough gold to corner the gold market while keeping Grant from dumping federal gold on the market. They drove up the price of gold quickly before Grant realized what was going on and was able to add enough gold onto the market to bring the price down. However, many investors and businesses were ruined because of this.Credit Mobilier - 1872. In order to cover up stealing money from the Union Pacific Railroad, officers of the Credit Mobilier company sold stocks cheaply to members of Congress.Grants Secretary of the Treasury, William A. Richardson gave special agent John D. Sanborn the job of collecting delinquent taxes allowing Sanborn to keep 50% of what he collected.Whiskey Ring - 1875. Many distillers and federal agents were keeping money that was being paid as liquor taxes. Grant called for punishment but protected his own personal secretary.Belknap Bribery - 1876. Grants Secre tary of War, W. W. Belknap was taking money from traders selling at Indian posts. However, through all of this, Grant still was able to get renominated and reelected to the presidency. Post-Presidential Period After Grant retired from the presidency, he and his wife traveled throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. He then retired to Illinois in 1880. He helped his son by borrowing money to set him up with a friend named Ferdinand Ward in a brokerage firm. When they went bankrupt, Grant lost all his money. He ended up writing his memoirs for money to help his wife before he died on July 23, 1885. Historical Significance Grant is considered to be one of the worst presidents in Americas history. His time in office was marked by major scandals, and therefore he was not able to accomplish much during his two terms in office.

Research on the finches native to the Galapagos Islands by Charles Essay

Research on the finches native to the Galapagos Islands by Charles Darwin - Essay Example This research study combined both qualitative and quantitative measures in order to gather data in order to support the concept of allopatric differentiation through the use of genetic analysis, environmental exposure, and behavioral observations. When Darwin was originally studying the species, he hypothesized that at one point there was a singular ancestral specie of finch that were spread out over the island chains through adaptive radiation. As the result of genetic mutation and diversification of the environment, different subspecies of finches developed in order to become adapted to that environment. Due to the fact that there are numerous species of finches that inhabit this isolated island chain, the specifics of taxonomic and evolutionary research have not been conducted. The researchers collected a wide spectral range of data regarding the differences between the species in order to be compared. One of the sets of data involved the recording of the sonic sounds that are cre ated by each distinct species of finch for communication. These vocal patterns were then analyzed by frequency and pitch in order to determine what characteristics were similar and which weren’t for showing evolutionary progress. ... In order to conclude whether there was any significance or validity to the study, statistical tests were used to determine the trends in the data. Some of the results showed that there was no statistical significance such as morphological traits, however there was statistical significance in the analysis of the sonic and genetic factors. The study that was conducted had a thorough way of exploring many of the different features that could impact allopatric differentiation of the species. The reason that finches are such a popular tool for biological study is because they a model organism in biology. This means that the things that are studied about the organism serve as a good model not only for just the study, but can be applied to a broad range of organisms. They are also good because they are a unique species that is native only to the Galapagos Islands, which helps control some diversity factors that could be seen biologically, behaviorally, etc. The scientists took into account not only the possible genetic factors that played a role, but also the role in which the environment played. The wealth and range of the types of data gathered allows the scientists to look on multiple fronts in regards to evolution. One of the problems with the study is that many of the variables that they are looking for cannot be controlled very well and some of the data was only the result of naturalistic observation. Therefore, it would be very difficult for scientists to replicate the studies in a lab for closer examination, lowering the internal validity. In order to gather more data on the study, the scientists should conduct a controlled longitudinal study in order to see how the finches could change over time or see if interbreeding within the populations occur

Minority Transfer in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Minority Transfer in California - Essay Example Historically, jobs offered to minorities did not require a four-year college education. Secondly, the four-year institutions were not interested in receiving minorities as students from two-year colleges. The four -year institutions mainly targeted students with Advanced Placement. This majority-minority demography who desire and need higher education is hitting colleges and universities. This maintained a two-tier system with an underlying aspect of white supremacy. In California, where 60 percent of K-12 scholars consist of minority groups, only 65-75 percent enrolls in the community colleges. According to reports, only 17 percent Latinos and 19 percent African-American scholars intending to enroll to a four- year institution manage to do so. This system locked out many of the minority students as it is different. Technical course credits were not transferable, and students could not get fee waivers. However, recommendations to revise the old transfer policies are in place (Chau 1) . Statistics indicates that, by 2025, there will be a shortage of degree holders in California. Analyses also indicate that students performing poorly in high schools transfer to community colleges and perform poorly too. ... Poorly prepared students rarely transfer. The report encourages low-performing high schools to help the students realize the challenges of developmental education (Chau 1). Racism is a noticeable aspect within the community colleges. Minority students registered less than 20 percent of all the transfers recorded in colleges. This has necessitated actions aimed at educational reform. Stakeholders involved have come together in order to streamline the system. Civil Rights Project, in its report, recommends dual-enrollment programs, which will provide a better transition between the high schools and colleges, thus expanding programs meant for college readiness. They also recommend simpler transfer processes with credit transfer uniformity. The report also indicated that colleges offering financial incentives would improve on the transfer rates. Some of the colleges have already started implementing the report (Chau 1). In January 1998, Proposition 209 terminated racism segregation in pu blic colleges and universities in the state of California. The Proposition refers to the ban on preferential treatment in learning institutes. Proposition 209 defines new diversity guidelines issued by the Justice and Education departments. Institutions find it difficult to enroll and retain historically under-represented minority (URM) youth. The number of African American and Hispanic scholars drastically dropped at four-year institutions after the year 1998. The University of California has embraced proposition 209. It has diversified efforts and developed a program that reviews the application to incorporate the barriers students have put under control. This has led to the creation of Eligibility in the Local Context program (ELC), to assist in increasing

An Evening Walk by the Sea Shore Essay Example for Free

An Evening Walk by the Sea Shore Essay After a hard day’s work, nothing is more refreshing than a quiet walk along the shore of the sea. While the exercise is good for our bodies, the presence of the ocean seems to have a pe ­culiarly tranquillizing influence upon our minds. Every sight and sound inspires a spirit of rest and peacefulness; and the effect is enhanced by the absence of the sights and sounds to which we have been exposed throughout the day. It is a delightful change, after escaping from the noisy bustle of our daily work, to hear the ceaseless music of the waves, and to breathe the fresh sea-breezes instead of the vitiated atmosphere of office or class-room. During our walk along the margin of the sea we enjoy the view of the broad expanse of waters spread out before our eyes, an unfailing source of delight to any one capable of appreciating the beauties of nature. For the ocean in all its changeful moods never ceases to be beautiful, and is especially beautiful at the hour of sunset. The spectacle presented by the setting sun, as it sinks beneath the ocean wave, is one of the greatest charms of an evening walk by the seashore. In India, for the greater part of the year, the clouds, whose fantastic shapes and brilliant hues add so much to the beauty of an English sunset, are wanting. But even in a cloudless sky when â€Å"the broad sun is sinking down, in his tranquility† and â€Å"the gentleness of heavens on the sea,† the spectacle presented to the eye is full of claim beauty. For some time after the sun has set, the sky is suffused with delicate tints of colour, until the first stars begin to appear on its darkening surface, and day finally gives place to night. In the beginning and the end of the monsoon we have splendid specimens of cloudy sunset, such as surpass the most vivid description given by En ­glish poets, and would, if faithfully depicted on canvas, be con ­demned as exaggerated representations of nature. At this time of year, while the evening sky is still of an intense blue, the clouds are tinged with gold, and purple, and all the colors of the rainbow, and the sea beneath repeats the brilliant coloring of the sky and the clouds above. From such a revelation of the beauties of nature the poor man derives as much pleasure as the choicest collection of paint ­ings and sculptures and other works of art affords to the million ­aire. Indeed, when we look with reverent awe upon the sea and sky at the hour of sunset, it does not seem  strange to us that the great powers of nature were once worshipped as gods; and the tranquillizing effect that the sea, especially in the evening, has upon the spectator, enables us to understand how the ancients found it natural to go to the shore and pour out their sorrows to the sea, when the hearts were overburdened with care and no mortal being seemed capable of giving consolation. Wordsworth, the great English poet, felt and beautifully expressed this in his sonnet beginning. â€Å"The world is too much with us,† in which he mourned the fact that most people had lost the power of appre ­ciating the beauty of nature, by giving themselves up to business and worldly pleasure â€Å"late and soon, Getting and spending we lay waste our powers.† He ends with this passionate outburst of desire for the old Greek love and reverence for nature. â€Å"Great God! I’d rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn, so might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea; Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.†

The Value of Currency in Eighteenth Century England Essay -- European

The Value of Currency in Eighteenth Century England For most of the eighteenth century, a shilling a day was a fair wage for most workers. Highly skilled workmen naturally made more; unskilled laborers and farm workers fared somewhat less favorably. One shilling would take home "5 Ibs.. of meat or four rabbits, 3 quarts of strong ale, or 6 gallons of 'middling' beer" (Mays 6). M. Dorothy George relates that the cheapest theatre seat, in the top gallery, was about a shilling. And the "weekly rent of a miserable London attic, ready furnished" might be 1 shilling six pence" (George Hogarth 51 n). John O'Donald Mays points out: The coin would also allow the traveler to ride about 4 miles on the stagecoach in winter, and a slightly greater distance in summer. At a noted Liverpool inn, 'The Lion,' a couple could pay a shilling and enjoy a fine meal consisting of veal cutlets, pigeons, asparagus, lamb and salad, apple-pie and tarts. In London the shilling had a slightly lower purchasing power than in the provinces, but nonetheless went a long way in supplying items for the family larder. For twelve pence one could get almost 4 Ibs.. of meat, 1 = Ibs.. of salt butter, almost 3 oz. of tea, 2 Ibs.. of sugar, and 2 Ibs.. of cheese. (quoted in Mays 7) For a country girl traveling to the city, the cheapest, and slowest, form of travel was the wagon. For a mere "shilling a day, which meant a halfpenny a mile," she might even have the luxury of lying in the soft straw. Nights however might also have to be spent either in the wagon or in a bam along the way since no respectable inn would lodge someone who rode in a wagon (George, Hogarth 51 ) . Not nearly so comfortable, but much more dignified, was the stage coach. ... ...(Porter 93). A Conversion Table from Roy Porter s English Society in the Eighteenth Century: * 12 pennies (d.) = 1 shilling (s.) * 20 shillings = 1 pound * 21 shillings = 1 guinea * 5 shillings = 1 crown 100 pounds in the 18 century = about 6,000 pounds today To roughly convert 18th century pounds to 1990 dollars, multiply by 100 (these exchange rates and computations, compliments of Dr. Grove) Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. The Complete English Tradesman. Gloucester: Allan Sutton Publ., 1987 - - - . Moll Flanders. Mineola: Dover, 1996. George, M. Dorothy. Hogarth to Cruikshank: Social Change in Graphic Satire. London: Viking, 1987. Mays, James O'Donald. The Splendid Shilling: A Social History of an Engaging Coin. Burley: Pardy & Son, 1982. Porter, Roy. English Society in the Eighteenth Century. London: Penguin, 1990.

Cleopatra’s dramatic Essay

This request displays Cleopatra’s dramatic, attention seeking and indulgent side. She can be very histrionic which becomes more evident throughout the scene. Cleopatra’s words also portray her as a very manipulative person, able to bend people to her will. Cleopatra’s unexpected actions are what fascinates Antony and keeps him drawn to her. This could partly be the reason why Antony’s Egyptian side has such a strong hold over him. Furthermore, Cleopatra’s dramatic words accuse Antony of being unfaithful: â€Å"O, never was there queen/ So mightily betrayed!† This again shows Cleopatra as being manipulative, jealous and quarrelsome – a difficult aspect of her character. Her statement is very self-pitying and manipulative, she is accusing Antony and there is nothing he could say to please her. He cannot control or deal with her – possible part of what makes her so fascinating and intriguing. Therefore it can once again be seen that Shakespeare’s creation of Cleopatra as a manipulation and captivating character plays some part in Antony’s duality of character. Her hold over her lover is too strong and is making Antony a more Egyptian, hedonistic lover than a true Roman of his past.  The audience are first introduced to Antony through the comments of Philo at the very beginning of the play, and the audience are informed of the duality of character in Antony. Philo begins by describing how he feels that Antony’s love for Cleopatra is out of control and damaging him and his reputation: â€Å"Nay, but this dotage of our general’s/ O’erflows the measure.† Philo continues with: â€Å" His captain’s heart,  Which in the scuffles of great fights hath burst  The buckles on his breast, reneges all temper,  And is become the bellows and the fan  To cool a gypsy’s lust.†Ã‚  This refers to Antony’s past greatness as a soldier – a true Roman hero. Philo feels like Antony’s love for Cleopatra has overpowered him and destroyed what he once was. Philo then describes Antony as one of â€Å"the triple pillar of the world transformed/ Into a strumpet’s fool.† This shows the Roman contempt for Cleopatra, which is conveyed throughout the play. None of the Romans have a good thing to say about her and disregard her. The hugely eminent and powerful, magnificent Antony has been utterly diminished by his infatuation and obsession with Cleopatra. Philo once again makes reference to Antony’s past greatness: â€Å"Sometimes, when he is not Antony,  He comes too short of that great property  Which still should go with Antony.†Ã‚  It reminds the audience how great Antony was as a great roman, a great leader, strong politician and statesman. Through the conversation of Philo and Demetrius, it can therefore be seen that Antony is indeed caught in a tug-of-war between his Roman and Egyptian loyalty ties. He is supposedly loyal to Rome, yet he is loyal to Cleopatra and the inhabitants of her Kingdom in Egypt. In conclusion, it is the differing character’s comments and views that bring out the duality in Antony’s character in Act One. The comments from Antony uncover an underlying battle within himself, a battle fought by both his Egyptian and Roman side. Antony himself acts madly in love with Cleopatra, yet aside, he seems to know that his real loyalty lies with Rome, and his love with the queen can only lead to destruction and danger. Octavius Caesar’s remarks inform the audience of Antony’s past as a great and respected soldier of Rome. This reinforces the audience’s view of Antony’s character division and allows the audience to fully appreciate the difficult choice that Antony will have to make. In addition, Cleopatra’s comments on her lover give the audience her true personality traits of being manipulative and dramatic. These qualities fascinate Antony and encourage his lust and strengthen his Egyptian loyalty ties. Finally, Philo’s own observations of Antony give the notion of Cleopatra being a poison that has transformed Antony from a fully pledged guardian of Rome to an irresponsible and pleasure seeking fool.

The Mall as Prison

Author David Guterson, journalist and novelist, spent a week in The Mall of America on assignment for Harpers Magazine. His essay, â€Å"The Mall as Prison†, tells his views on the Mall as a psychological effect on today’s society. He uses witty and sarcastic comments to get his point across. Is American culture being corrupted by what Americans consider a retail structure that is vital to the survival of our needs? He gives different aspects of why our view of a market place is distraction. Guterson makes judgments in this essay about the Mall and the American culture. Honestly I think that he needs to get with the times and accept this new evolution of shopping. Guterson starts with statistics and facts on the Mall as a retail complex. Opened in the summer of 1992, the mall was conveniently located close to the Minneapolis- St. Paul Airport. How ironically placed. He starts to question the Mall and it’s creators. Was this Mall a tourist attraction? Or a zone of entertainment that is easily accessible to all types of people? Being a male, I feel that Guterson does not fully appreciate the resources found in this mall. Therefore, this is why he reacting negatively to the Mall. This Mall was designed to not only be a mall, but to also be a tourist attraction that would draw a diversity of different people. Guterson talks about the look and atmosphere affecting the human psychology in the mind to think the situation was suitable. You should go into the mall with the intentions of shopping not with the intent of losing yourself in the mall’s design and structure. Guterson argues that communal areas should be built more for the intention of â€Å"eternal desire for discourse and intimacy†. Our society has lost our goals for what the marketplace should be. These goals cannot be accomplished in giant shopping malls, according to Guterson. Guterson’s only example of the types of people who enjoy shopping at the Mall, is a conversation that I feel is quite cliche and biased. He uses a conversation between two young women named Kathleen and Laura. The conversation is short but says a lot about the types of people who shop at the Mall. They explain that shopping to them is a â€Å"sickness† or a â€Å"drug†. Laura says: â€Å" Seriously, I feel sorry for other malls. They’re so small and boring. What does this idea say about today’s youth views on malls and their expectations? Do all malls have to be like The Mall of America? The fact that the Mall is so big, it gives it a special characteristic that no other mall can achieve. Not every trip to the mall has to be above and beyond. According to records, â€Å"Rural Americans traditionally looked forward to the excitement and sensuality of market day. † (Guterson 289) In the past, there were boundaries for market places. Today, anything entertaining is good enough. The Mall, according to Guterson, is not even a market place at all. He considers it a tourist attraction. The Mall is supposed to be greater than any other mall or tourist attraction. It is supposed to be both. The idea that The Mall of America is a cultural image is not even the word Guterson would use to explain this marvel. The mall has everything you would ever imagine in a theme park, mall, or institution. Anything from marriages to shootings happen in the Mall. Extreme malls aren’t stopping in just the United States. Japan is planning on building a $400 million dollar mall complete with an ice rink, a water park, a fantasy-theme hotel, three breweries, waterfalls, and a sports center. The concept of shopping will never cease. Every megamall will try and out-do the last. Malls of the world will continue to grow bigger and bigger. Who knew that a place with no windows or clocks would be so claustrophobic yet popular? Who knew that a place selling everything imaginable would be the one of many centers of the United States’ economy? Who knew that this fantasy of a megamall would stimulate something so powerful as to inspire psychological dependence to spending money? No one would have seen it coming. But now that its here, do we take it for granted? Do we abuse our rights as humans with free will? Guterson argues these points but does not make his conclusions clear. Ending in a sarcastic remark about the Mall’s theme park, â€Å"Camp Snoopy†, I feel he does not conclude his thoughts to his essay. As for the future of megamalls? They will never stop impressing the public eye. But Guterson believes that we need to stay on track with our priorities. Guterson explains, â€Å"I already knew that the Mall of America had been imagined by its creator not merely as a marketplace but as a national tourist attraction, an immense zone of entertainment. (Guterson 288) He sees the Mall as a distracting aspect of our society. Guterson makes judgment in this essay about the Mall of America and more broadly about American culture. He also talks about the building of The Mall of America as a tourist attraction and how the mall is degrading the art of architecture because it’s a waste of a building. Guterson has good credentials that make his opinion reliable, but I feel that he needs to look at the positive aspects that the Mall has for the economy and the United States wealth systems. His opinion is respected, but he needs to appreciate what megamalls have offered the world.

Business Ideas for Saudi Arabia

Business Ideas for Saudi Arabia Introduction A business idea is a thought or a collection of thoughts that entrepreneurs generate in mind for commercial purposes. If developed in a time when the demand of products or services is high, business ideas can be useful to a profitable business. There are various characteristics of a business idea.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ideas for Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It satisfies customers with needs or service. In addition, it is innovative, unique, clear focused, and profitable in the long run. In this context, there are ten business ideas with suggestions on their locations, descriptions and the reasons which have been proposed for their likelihood to survive in the proposed regions. First idea: Abmilan Italian Restaurant Starting a restaurant that offers a high quality Italian food at Abha in Saudi Arabia is a good business idea. This thought is innovative because there is n o competition since there are no Italian Restaurants in this city. This location is a tourist attraction for many people in the Arab Gulf Countries. Moreover, the business will succeed because the Italian cuisine is regarded as the best food. Second idea: Southern North HRS The human resource solution offers headhunting office, manpower plan, HR strategic and consultations. There are no professional HRS offices in Saudi Arabia. Most of the companies get this service out of Saudi Arabia. Thus, it is costly for these companies to get the service. Starting at HRS in Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia, is a wise business idea that will lead to making huge profits within a very short time. The business idea is on the creative plane, and there is no doubt that the business will do well in the region. Third idea: Middle Eastern Buffet Locating a restaurant that offers buffet in Halifax, NS, Canada is a wise business thought. The restaurant will offer many Middle Eastern foods such as appetizers, main meals, dessert and coffee. In Halifax, the Arabic language is the most common after English. This is a clear indication that the restaurant will succeed because of the high population of Middle Eastern people in Halifax. There is no Middle Eastern restaurant offering buffet in Halifax. This increases the chances of the business to be successful. Fourth idea: Malumaat ITS Company In Arabic, the word Malumaat means information. Malamute ITS Company offers software solutions, computer technology consultancy, and technology services. This is offered to companies or government departments that need to create and build system. Starting a Malumaat ITS Company in Baghdad, Iraq is the best business idea for investors. Notably, the city presents a great future in this industry because the war affected the information technology. Fifth idea: Fast Exchange Money Fast Exchange Money offers money exchange for any country. Starting this business in Saudi Arabia airport and major hotels are a good business idea. The business will be successful because no hotel has this service in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, people in Saudi Arabia use cash more than plastic money because there are few of stores that serve as debit machine.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sixth idea: F T Fashion Style Online Store F T Fashion Style Online Store offers women and men’s fashion clothes, shoes, accessories and wedding dresses. Starting F T Fashion Style Online Store business in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is the best thought for investors because it has the biggest seaport in Saudi Arabia. Thus, it is easy to connect to Europe, which makes it easy to make imports. Women in Saudi Arabia spend heavily on fashion. Thus, this will be a great investment in this industry in Saudi Arabia. Seventh idea: Leadership Training and Development College Starting a college for l eadership and training development in Riyadh, a capital city of Saudi Arabia, is an excellent business idea for investors because many colleges do not offer good programs. In addition, many companies send their employees outside Saudi Arabia to get a good training. This aspect will benefit the business by cutting costs. Offering special discounts for a group of people will attract learners to the college, thus leading to the success of the business. Eighth idea: Deliver from the supermarket to the customer’s home Through an online retail store, a customer can see the price and purchase the products through the online channel. The products are delivered from the supermarket to the customer’s home. Starting such a business in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is a good business idea. In this case, within Arabia, there is service delivery for grocery. However, there is no supermarket that offers an online shopping service. This idea is on a creative plane because there is no competit ion. Ninth idea: ABC College ABC College teaches Arabic to foreign people who want to speak Arabic. Starting ABC College in Riyadh, is a wise thought because there are many international workers who would like to learn Arabic while working to improve their communication skills. The probability of the business to succeed is too high. Tenth idea: Real Estate Online Real Estate Online offers a real estate online service that is updated daily. Starting Real Estate Online in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is a wise business idea because there are a few websites that offer this service but do not update information daily. Conclusion A good business idea should be innovative and have a clear focus. It should also satisfy the need of customers. The idea should be unique and profitable in the long run. Saudi Arabia offers a wide range of business opportunities. Therefore, developing a business idea in the region is easy.

Discover the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone

Discover the Code-Breaking History of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone, which is housed in the British Museum, is a black, possibly basalt slab with three languages on it (Greek, demotic and hieroglyphs) each saying the same thing. Because the words are translated into the other languages, it provided Jean-Francois Champollion the key to the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Discovery of the Rosetta Stone Discovered at Rosetta (Raschid) in 1799, by Napoleons army, the Rosetta Stone proved the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. The person who found it was Pierre Francois-Xavier Bouchards, a French officer of engineers. It was sent to the Institut dEgypte in Cairo and then taken to London in 1802. Rosetta Stone Content The British Museum describes the Rosetta Stone as a priestly decree affirming the cult of 13-year-old Ptolemy V. The Rosetta Stone tells of an agreement between Egyptian priests and the pharaoh on March 27, 196 B.C. It names honors bestowed on Macedonian Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes. After praising the pharaoh for his generosity, it describes the siege of Lycopolis and the kings good deeds for the temple. The text continues with its main purpose: establishing a cult for the king. Related Meaning for the Term Rosetta Stone The name Rosetta Stone is now applied to just about any type of key used to unlock a mystery. Even more familiar may be a popular series of computer-based language-learning programs using the term Rosetta Stone as a registered trademark. Among its growing list of languages is Arabic, but, alas, no hieroglyphs. Physical Description of the Rosetta Stone From the Ptolemaic Period, 196 B.C.Height: 114.400 cm (max.)Width: 72.300 cmThickness: 27.900 cmWeight: about 760 kilograms (1,676 lb.). Location of the Rosetta Stone Napoleons army found the Rosetta Stone, but they surrendered it to the British who, led by Admiral Nelson, had defeated the French at the Battle of the Nile. The French capitulated to the British at Alexandria in 1801 and as terms of their surrender, handed over the artifacts they had unearthed, chiefly the Rosetta Stone and a sarcophagus traditionally (but subject to dispute) attributed to Alexander the Great. The British Museum has housed the Rosetta Stone since 1802, except for the years 1917-1919 when it was temporarily moved underground to prevent possible bomb damage. Prior to its discovery in 1799, it had been in the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta), in Egypt. Languages of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is inscribed in 3 languages: Demotic (the everyday script, used to write documents),Greek (the language of Ionian Greeks, an administrative script), andHieroglyphs (for priestly business). Deciphering the Rosetta Stone No one could read hieroglyphs at the time of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, but scholars soon pieced out a few phonetic characters in the demotic section, which, by comparison with the Greek, were identified as proper names. Soon proper names in the hieroglyphic section were identified because they were circled. These circled names are called cartouches. Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) was said to have learned enough Greek and Latin by the time he was 9-years-old to read Homer and Vergil (Virgil). He studied Persian, Ethiopic, Sanskrit, Zend, Pahlevi, and Arabic, and worked on a Coptic dictionary by the time he was 19. Champollion finally found the key to translating the Rosetta Stone in 1822, published in Lettre M. Dacier.

Introduction to ICD Classification - Classification Systems (U2IP&DB) Essay

Introduction to ICD Classification - Classification Systems (U2IP&DB) - Essay Example e United States official system for assigning codes to procedures and diagnoses based on the World Health Organizations Ninth Revision, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9)† (MediLexicon, 2008, pg. 1). Four main steps are involved in the process of selecting the proper ICD-9-CM codes. These must be followed in detail in order to ensure that the diagnosis is accurately described by the code. The steps described in the following paragraph are necessary in order to establish the proper ICD-9-CM code (Pelaia, 2003, pg. 7). The first step in assigning the proper ICD-9-CM code is to â€Å"review the medical record documentation in order to properly identify the terms that best describe the patient’s diagnosis† (Pelaia, 2003, pg. 8). The second step in assigning the proper code is to â€Å"look up the terms that best describe the patient’s diagnosis in Volume 2 (the alphabetic index) and identify the ICD-9 code that best matches the diagnosis† (Pelaia, 2003, pg. 9). The third step in assigning the proper ICD-9-CM code is to â€Å"look up the selected code in Volume 1 (the tabular list) to make the code selection. Careful attention should be paid to ‘includes’ and ‘excludes’ notes and other instructions in Volume 1† (Pelaia, 2003, pg. 10). Finally, all information should be carefully reviewed and verified. It is extremely important for a medical coder or for a medical professional responsible for ensuring that the correct diagnostic codes are being recorded for the procedures performed at a medical facility is using an up-to-date code book. Failing to use a current code book can result in a variety of mishaps that can easily be avoided. If a person loses his or her current code book, it should be replaced immediately. First of all, it is essential that medical personnel keep proper records in order to stay compliant with legal regulations. Using an old code book could result in the wrong diagnosis being recorded for a patient which could